Using gRPC and Ambassador

Ambassador Edge Stack makes it easy to access your services from outside your application. This includes gRPC services, although a little bit of additional configuration is required: by default, Envoy connects to upstream services using HTTP/1.x and then upgrades to HTTP/2 whenever possible. However, gRPC is built on HTTP/2 and most gRPC servers do not speak HTTP/1.x at all. Ambassador Edge Stack must tell its underlying Envoy that your gRPC service only wants to speak to that HTTP/2, using the grpc attribute of a Mapping.

Writing a gRPC Service for Ambassador Edge Stack

There are many examples and walkthroughs on how to write gRPC applications so that is not what this article will aim to accomplish. If you do not yet have a service written you can find examples of gRPC services in all supported languages here: gRPC Quickstart

This document will use the gRPC python helloworld example to demonstrate how to configure a gRPC service with Ambassador Edge Stack.

Follow the example up through Run a gRPC application to get started.

Dockerize

After building our gRPC application and testing it locally, we need to package it as a Docker container and deploy it to Kubernetes.

To run a gRPC application, we need to include the client/server and the protocol buffer definitions.

For gRPC with python, we need to install grpcio and the common protos.

FROM python:2.7
WORKDIR /grpc
ENV PATH "$PATH:/grpc"
COPY greeter_server.py /grpc
COPY helloworld_pb2.py /grpc
COPY helloworld_pb2_grpc.py /grpc
RUN python -m pip install grpcio
RUN python -m pip install grpcio-tools googleapis-common-protos
CMD ["python", "./greeter_server.py"]
EXPOSE 50051

Create the container and test it:

$ docker build -t <docker_reg>/grpc_example
$ docker run -p 50051:50051 <docker_reg>/grpc_example

Where <docker_reg> is your Docker user or registry.

Switch to another terminal and from the same directory, run the greeter_client. The output should be the same as running it outside of the container.

$ docker run -p 50051:50051 <docker_reg>/grpc_example
Greeter client received: Hello, you!

Once you verify the container works, push it to your Docker registry:

$ docker push <docker_reg>/grpc_example

Mapping gRPC Services

Ambassador Edge Stack Mappings are based on URL prefixes; for gRPC, the URL prefix is the full-service name, including the package path (package.service). These are defined in the .proto definition file. In the example proto definition file we see:

package helloworld;
// The greeting service definition.
service Greeter { ... }

so the URL prefix is helloworld.Greeter and the mapping would be:

apiVersion: getambassador.io/v2
kind: Mapping
metadata:
  name: grpc-py
spec:
  grpc: True
  prefix: /helloworld.Greeter/
  rewrite: /helloworld.Greeter/
  service: grpc-example

Note the grpc: true line - this is what tells Envoy to use HTTP/2 so the request can communicate with your backend service. Also note that you'll need prefix and rewrite the same here, since the gRPC service needs the package and service to be in the request to do the right thing.

Deploying to Kubernetes

grpc_example.yaml

---
apiVersion: getambassador.io/v2
kind: Host
metadata:
  name: example-host
spec:
  hostname: host.example.com
  acmeProvider: 
    authority: none
  requestPolicy:
    insecure:
      action: Route
---
apiVersion: getambassador.io/v2
kind: Mapping
metadata:
  name: grpc-py
spec:
  grpc: True
  prefix: /helloworld.Greeter/
  rewrite: /helloworld.Greeter/
  service: grpc-example
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  labels:
    service: grpc-example
  name: grpc-example
spec:
  type: ClusterIP
  ports:
  - name: grpc-greet
    port: 80
    targetPort: grpc-api
  selector:
    service: grpc-example
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: grpc-example
spec:
  replicas: 1
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      service: grpc-example
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        service: grpc-example
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: grpc-example
        image: <docker_reg>/grpc_example
        ports:
        - name: grpc-api
          containerPort: 50051
      restartPolicy: Always

The Host is declared here because we are using gRPC without TLS. Since Ambassador terminates TLS by default, in the Host we add a requestPolicy which allows insecure connections. After adding the Ambassador Edge Stack mapping to the service, the rest of the Kubernetes deployment YAML file is pretty straightforward. We need to identify the container image to use, expose the containerPort to listen on the same port the Docker container is listening on, and map the service port (80) to the container port (50051).

WARNING - Host Configuration: The requestPolicy property of the Host CRD is applied globally within an Edge Stack instance, even if it is applied to only one Host when multiple Hosts are configured. Different requestPolicy behaviors cannot be applied to different Hosts. It is recommended to apply an identical requestPolicy to all Hosts instead of assuming the behavior, to create a more human readable config.

If a requestPolicy is not defined for a Host, it's assumed to be Redirect, so even if a Host does not specify it, the default requestPolicy of Redirect will be applied to all Hosts in that Edge Stack instance. If the behavior expected out of Edge Stack is anything other than Redirect, it must be explicitly enumerated in all Host resources.

Unexpected behavior can occur when multiple Host resources are not using the same value for requestPolicy. The insecure-action can be one of:

• Redirect (the default): redirect to HTTPS
• Route: go ahead and route as normal; this will allow handling HTTP requests normally
• Reject: reject the request with a 400 response

For more information, please refer to the Host documentation.

Once you have the YAML file and the correct Docker registry, deploy it to your cluster with kubectl.

$ kubectl apply -f grpc_example.yaml

Testing the Deployment

Make sure to test your Kubernetes deployment before making more advanced changes (like adding TLS). To test any service with Ambassador Edge Stack, we will need the hostname of the running Ambassador Edge Stack service which you can get with:

$ kubectl get service ambassador -o wide

Which should return something similar to:

NAME         CLUSTER-IP      EXTERNAL-IP     PORT(S)        AGE
ambassador   10.11.12.13     35.36.37.38     80:31656/TCP   1m

where EXTERNAL-IP is the $AMBASSADORHOST and 80 is the $PORT.

You will need to open the greeter_client.py and change localhost:50051 to $AMBASSADORHOST:$PORT

- with grpc.insecure_channel('localhost:50051') as channel:
+ with grpc.insecure_channel(‘$AMBASSADORHOST:$PORT’) as channel:
        stub = helloworld_pb2_grpc.GreeterStub(channel)
        response = stub.SayHello(helloworld_pb2.HelloRequest(name='you'))
    print("Greeter client received: " + response.message)

After making that change, simply run the client again and you will see the gRPC service in your cluster respond:

$ python greeter_client.py
Greeter client received: Hello, you!

gRPC and TLS

There is some extra configuration required to connect to a gRPC service through Ambassador Edge Stack over an encrypted channel. Currently, the gRPC call is being sent over cleartext to Ambassador Edge Stack which proxies it to the gRPC application.

If you want to add TLS encryption to your gRPC calls, first you need to tell Ambassador Edge Stack to add ALPN protocols which are required by HTTP/2 to do TLS.

For example:

---
apiVersion: getambassador.io/v2
kind: TLSContext
metadata:
  name: tls
spec:
  hosts:
  - "*"
  secret: ambassador-cert
  alpn_protocols: h2

Next, you need to change the client code slightly and tell it to open a secure RPC channel with Ambassador Edge Stack.

- with grpc.insecure_channel(‘$AMBASSADORHOST:$PORT’) as channel:
+ with grpc.secure_channel(‘$AMBASSADORHOST:$PORT’, grpc.ssl_channel_credentials()) as channel:
        stub = helloworld_pb2_grpc.GreeterStub(channel)
        response = stub.SayHello(helloworld_pb2.HelloRequest(name='you'))
    print("Greeter client received: " + response.message)

grpc.ssl_channel_credentials(root_certificates=None, private_key=None, certificate_chain=None)returns the root certificate that will be used to validate the certificate and public key sent by Ambassador Edge Stack. The default values of None tells the gRPC runtime to grab the root certificate from the default location packaged with gRPC and ignore the private key and certificate chain fields. Generally, passing no arguments to the method that requests credentials gives the same behavior. Refer to the languages API Reference if this is not the case.

Ambassador Edge Stack is now terminating TLS from the gRPC client and proxying the call to the application over cleartext.

If you want to configure authentication in another language, gRPC provides examples with proper syntax for other languages.

Originating TLS with gRPC Service

Ambassador Edge Stack can originate TLS with your gRPC service so the entire RPC channel is encrypted. To configure this, first get some TLS certificates and configure the server to open a secure channel with them. Using self-signed certs this can be done with OpenSSL and adding a couple of lines to the server code.

def serve():
    server = grpc.server(futures.ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=10))
+   with open('certs/server.key', 'rb') as f:
+       private_key = f.read()
+   with open('certs/server.crt', 'rb') as f:
+       cert_chain = f.read()
+   server_creds = grpc.ssl_server_credentials( ( (private_key, cert_chain), ) )
    helloworld_pb2_grpc.add_GreeterServicer_to_server(Greeter(), server)
-   server.add_insecure_port('[::]:50052')
+   server.add_secure_port('[::]:50052', server_creds)
    server.start()

Rebuild your docker container making sure the certificates are included and follow the same steps of testing and deploying to Kubernetes. You will need to make a small change to the client code to test locally.

- with grpc.insecure_channel(‘localhost:$PORT’) as channel:
+ with grpc.secure_channel(‘localhost:$PORT’, grpc.ssl_channel_credentials(open('certs/server.crt', 'rb').read())) as channel:
        stub = helloworld_pb2_grpc.GreeterStub(channel)
        response = stub.SayHello(helloworld_pb2.HelloRequest(name='you'))
    print("Greeter client received: " + response.message)

Once deployed we will need to tell Ambassador Edge Stack to originate TLS to the application.

---
apiVersion: getambassador.io/v2
kind: Mapping
metadata:
  name: grpc-py-tls
spec:
  grpc: True
  tls: upstream
  prefix: /hello.Greeter/
  rewrite: /hello.Greeter/
  service: https://grpc-py
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  labels:
    service: grpc-py
  name: grpc-py
spec:
  type: ClusterIP
  ports:
  - name: grpc-greet
    port: 443
    targetPort: grpc-api
  selector:
    service: grpc-py

---
apiVersion: getambassador.io/v2
kind: TLSContext
metadata:
  name: upstream
spec:
  alpn_protocols: h2
  secret: ambassador-cert

We need to tell Ambassador Edge Stack to route to the service: over https and have the service listen on 443. We also need to tell Ambassador Edge Stack to use ALPN protocols when originating TLS with the application, the same way we did with TLS termination. This is done by setting alpn_protocols: ["h2"] in a TLSContext telling the service to use that tls-context in the mapping by setting tls: upstream.

Refer to the TLS document for more information on TLS origination.

gRPC Headers

gRPC services use HTTP/2 headers. This means that some header-based routing rules will need to be rewritten to support HTTP/2 headers. For example, host: subdomain.host.com needs to be rewritten using the headers: attribute with the :authority header:

headers:
  :authority: subdomain.host.com

Note

Ingress Controllers

Some Kubernetes ingress controllers do not support HTTP/2 fully. As a result, if you are running Ambassador with an ingress controller in front, you may find that gRPC requests fail even with correct Ambassador Edge Stack configuration.

A simple way around this is to use Ambassador Edge Stack with a LoadBalancer service, rather than an Ingress controller. You can also consider using Ambassador Edge Stack as your Ingress Controller.

Mappings with hosts

As with any Mapping, your gRPC service's Mapping may include a host:

apiVersion: getambassador.io/v2
kind: Mapping
metadata:
  name: grpc-py
spec:
  grpc: true
  prefix: /helloworld.Greeter/
  rewrite: /helloworld.Greeter/
  service: grpc-example
  host: api.example.com

Some gRPC client libraries produce requests where the host or :authority header includes the port number. For example, a request to the above service might include host: api.example.com:443 instead of just host: api.example.com. Ambassador returns a 404 (not found) response to these requests due to the mismatched host.

A future version of Ambassador may be able to strip away the port number. In the meantime, the easiest solution is to make sure your gRPC client does not include the port in the host header. Here is an example using gRPC/Go.

hostname := "api.example.com"
port := "443"
config := &tls.Config{ServerName: hostname}
creds := credentials.NewTLS(config)
opts := []grpc.DialOption{
    grpc.WithTransportCredentials(creds),
// ...
}
conn, err := grpc.Dial(hostname+":"+port, opts...)
// ...

gRPC-Web

Ambassador Edge Stack also supports the gRPC-Web protocol for browser-based gRPC applications.